PJPPRP

Impact on Language Competence and Cognitive Abilities of Parents and Siblings Interacting with Children Having Mild Intellectual Disabilities

Areesha Batool — 2025-06-24

There is a need to examine how continuous or frequent communication with children having mild intellectual disabilities (MID) impacts the language processing and cognitive abilities of their family members. For this purpose, the observation of a 13 old years child and her family has been systematically conducted over a span of five years (2019-2024). Qualitative Methodology and descriptive mode of writing were used for recording observational data which inculcate documenting behaviors and interactions in real time contexts. The findings of this observational research informs that modifications in behaviors of family occur at two distinct levels. First, during direct interactions with MID children, communicators often adapt their language processing strategies to align with the cognitive and linguistic needs of the children. Second, these adaptations carry over into real-life circumstances beyond interactions with MID children by showing improvements in broader cognitive functions, including memory, problem-solving, attentiveness along with better communication skills. This is not only instrumental in fostering the child’s language and social development, but also significantly enhances the cognitive abilities and language competence of the interacting individuals in their real life experiences, encouraging mutual growth and offering opportunities for inclusive education and stronger community connections.

Emotional Self-disclosure, Relationship Closeness, and Marital Satisfaction among Working and Non-working Married Women

Nabiha Noor — 2025-06-24

This study investigated the differences between emotional self-disclosure, relationship closeness, and marital satisfaction among working and non-working married women. A cross-sectional comparative research design was used. A sample of 200 married women, 100 working and 100 non-working (M age =39.90) were selected through a non-probability purposive sampling strategy. Scales used in the current research included ESDS (Snell, 2013), URCS (Dibble & Levine, 2011), and KANSAS Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS) (Schumm & Nichols, 1993). The data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 with an independent sample t-test. Results indicated significant differences between the groups, with non-working married women more frequently disclosing emotions, feeling closer in their relationships, and expressing greater satisfaction with their marriages than working married women. Notably, non-working married women showed a greater tendency to disclose happiness-related emotions, whereas working married women disclosed anger more frequently. The findings of this study would be helpful for women planning to get married, as they would understand how their employment may affect their marital life. Moreover, these results could be incorporated into couples counseling programs.

Dark Triads and Ethical Attitudes in Undergraduate University Students

Hidna Iqbal — 2025-06-24

This study explored the association between Dark Triad personality traits—Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism—and ethical attitudes, specifically Idealism and Relativism, in undergraduate university students. It was hypothesized that higher levels of narcissism would be associated with more unethical attitudes (i.e., lower idealism and higher relativism). Additionally, it was predicted that psychopathy and Machiavellianism would show distinct patterns of association with ethical orientations. The study further hypothesized that gender would significantly influence the expression of Dark Triad traits, with men expected to score higher than women. A correlational research design was employed, involving 202 students (101 men, 101 women; age range = 17–24 years; M = 21.27, SD = 1.98). Participants completed the Short Dark Triad-3 (Jones & Paulhus, 2014) and the Ethics Position Questionnaire (Schlenker & Forsyth, 1980). Pearson bivariate correlation revealed that narcissism and psychopathy showed a negative correlation with idealism, however Machiavellianism showed a positively correlation with relativism. Independent samples t-tests indicated that men scored significantly higher than women on all three Dark Triad traits. These findings suggest that each Dark Triad trait differentially relates to ethical attitudes, and that men tend to exhibit more pronounced dark personality characteristics compared to women.

Personality Traits Moderate Parental Style and Emotional-Behavioral Problems in Adolescence

Maria Arshad Malik — 2025-07-09

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of parenting styles on emotional behavioral problems in late adolescents and examine the moderating role of personality traits. The hypotheses of the current study were that there will be a negative effect of parenting styles on emotional behavioral problems in late adolescents, and there will be a moderating role of different personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, negative emotionality and open mindedness) on parenting styles and emotional behavioral problems among late adolescents. The research design used was a cross-sectional survey. The total number of participants were 384 comprising both women and men. Convenient sampling was done and late adolescents from different colleges and universities from Islamabad and Rawalpindi with an age range of 17-22 years participated. Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Regression Analysis, Chi Square Mean, Standard Deviation, Skewness and Kurtosis were used to analyze the results of the research through SPSS. The results of the study were that there is a significant negative effect of parenting style on child’s emotional behavioral problems and there is a moderating role of different personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, negative emotionality and open mindedness) on parenting styles and emotional behavioral problems among late adolescents. This study will assist parents in implementing effective parenting techniques and will reveal the importance of right parenting at appropriate time.

Dowry: Parental Concerns and Expectations in Pakistan

Sana Fatima — 2025-07-09

The current study was conducted to investigate parental views, concerns, and expectations regarding the dowry practice. For this purpose, six fathers and six mothers were interviewed who indulged in dowry practiced. After analyzing data through thematic analysis, three superordinate themes emerged: dowry perspective, concerns behind dowry, and consequences and prevention of dowry. Participants were aware of the concept, origin, and religious basis of the dowry system. They mainly supported limited dowry provision on a daughter’s wedding but opposed accepting from a daughter-in-law. Participants believed that dowry had a destructive impact at societal, economic, and familial levels and was connected to greediness, delayed marriages, loans, psychological impact, financial miseries, dowry-related violence, and divorce. Eradication measures of the dowry system included promoting awareness and knowledge of Islamic Shariah, the role of media, and developing a sense of equity among the community. This study helped us to understand the core motives behind the provision and acceptance of dowry.

Empathy, Dominance, and Everyday Sadism: Insights from Educated Males in Pakistan

Mahnoor Khan — 2025-01-27

With an emphasis on the issue of everyday sadism, the current study sought to investigate the link among educated males between empathy, order dominance, and sadism. This study combined a handy, non-probability sampling method with a correlation research approach. The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ), Order Dominance Scale (ODS), and Comprehensive Assessment of Sadistic Tendencies (CAST-12) were completed by 100 educated males between the ages of 18 and 25.Findings revealed through Pearson’s Correlation was that, a positive correlation between everyday sadism and empathy (r = 0.45, p < 0.01), indicating that individuals exhibiting sadistic traits can also possess empathetic qualities. Conversely, a negative correlation was found between everyday sadism and dominance (r = -0.30, p < 0.01), suggesting that those engaging in everyday sadism do not necessarily exhibit dominant behaviors. The results imply that everyday sadism may represent a distinct personality trait separate from other forms of aggression and antisocial behavior, as evidenced by the observed correlations. This study contributes significantly to the understanding of everyday sadism, highlighting its prevalence among educated males and its potential impact on social interactions. The findings can inform researchers and practitioners in developing effective interventions for individuals exhibiting these behaviors, thereby enhancing awareness of everyday sadism beyond its traditional sexual connotations. Overall, this research underscores the importance of recognizing everyday sadism as a relevant factor in psychological studies related to personality traits and social behavior.

Lived Experiences of Women Living with Husband’s Infidelity: A Pilot Study

Asma Anwar — 2024-12-27

In Pakistan, some women continue their marriages after experiencing their husbands’ infidelity despite the increasing divorce rate and women’s empowerment. This qualitative study focused on how these women manage their marital relationships knowing the infidelity of their husbands. Five women were selected using the purposive sampling technique and were interviewed. Through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), three superordinate themes emerged; personal strength, surpassing the betrayal, and relational strategies. The findings indicated the posttraumatic growth in women enabled them to survive and make their marriages work by making necessary changes. The findings would be helpful to family therapists in comprehending and dealing with women experiencing this issue.

Socio-Cultural Factors of Overeating Among Adolescents

Sania Khayal — 2024-12-27

The primary aim of this study was to develop a scale that effectively identifies the social and cultural factors contributing to overeating among adolescents. The research was conducted in two phases. Initially, 28 items were developed through focus groups, interviews, and a review of existing literature. Following expert evaluation using the Content Validity Index (CVI), 23 items were retained. These items were tested for factorial validity on 300 university students aged 10-19 (M = 17.98, SD = 2.17). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) further refined the scale, resulting in a 13-item final version. The psychometric properties of the Socio-Cultural Factors of Overeating Scale were developed in the second phase. Convergent validity was established by correlating the scale with the Eating in the Absence of Hunger Scale (Pasquale et al., 2023), showing a significant correlation (r = .44**, p < .01). Discriminant validity was confirmed by comparing the scale with the Salzburg Emotional Eating Scale (Meule et al., 2018), revealing a significant inverse relationship (r = -.54**, p < .01). The study’s findings have substantial implications, offering a robust and reliable measure for evaluating socio-cultural factors related to overeating. This tool not only benefits researchers by providing a valuable instrument for exploring these factors but also will aid clinicians in delivering personalized and effective treatment. The scale enhances diagnostic accuracy and supports the development of targeted intervention strategies, making it a valuable resource in various clinical settings.

Money Matters: How Economic Demographics Shape Wellbeing of Young Adults in a Collectivistic Culture

Zehra Keshf — 2024-12-27

Wellbeing is influenced by economic demographics, particularly in the collectivistic culture of Pakistan, where collective goals are preferred over individual goals. Wellbeing of young adults needs to be explored specifically with respect to financial variables and unfavorable economic conditions. In this survey 1563 young adults were selected using proportionate stratified sampling from five cities of Punjab. MANOVA and t tests showed that wellbeing of young adults is linked to other earning members in the family, average household income, father’s occupation and personal work status. Their wellbeing was not linked to their mother’s occupation, online or offline work mode, or personal income. In addition to some limitations, this research also has some significant suggestions and implications for future research and policy making. Finances and wellbeing are strongly influenced by the collectivistic orientation of youth. Their financial prowess needs to be developed using this collectivistic background. The key takeaway is that wellbeing of youth in collectivistic cultures is not a solo endeavor; it is deeply connected to and affected by financial factors of the whole family.

Development of Metacognitive Scale for Adolescents

Hira Nadeem — 2024-12-27

The major aim of this study was to develop a metacognition scale in Urdu for school-aged students within the context of Pakistani culture, and its psychometric characteristics were also determined (age ranging from 11 to 17 years). The metacognitive model and literature review served as the foundation for the item pool generation. Items were pilot tested on 90 school students by using convenient sampling technique. The sample was selected from various public and private schools in Gujrat, and Lalamusa. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted in order to identify the underlying factors. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed 7 factor structure with 32 items. Confirmatory factor analysis was used for confirming the factors retained through EFA. The model indicated a good fit model with (CMIN/DF =183.16/104, CFI = .953, PGFI = .649, RMSEA = .041 and GFI = .955). The newly developed scale reliable assessment of metacognition among students and this scale showed Cronbach alpha of .975.